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Differential: The word "diff" refers to the small gears in the rear end that control the left-to-right wheel speeds

38100 SET-HYPOID GEAR & PINION

open type with differential gears visible

Datsun 1200 uses H145 type differential

By popular usage "diff" is also used to refer to these parts:

the Gear Carrier Assembly (pumpkin or "center section" or "diff head"), including Ring and Pinion and the carrier these bolt to
or, the entire Rear Axle assembly including the housing, gears, axles etc.

Gear Carrier aka "center" (not to be confused with "center section")

Ring and Pinion (R&P) are the large final-drive gears e.g. the "ratio" gears. Known as "Crown Wheel and Pinion" (CWP) in British English.

38100 SET-HYPOID GEAR & PINION

Spider gears: The smaller side gears are known as the "spider gears". These are the ones that actually allow a differential speed.

38423 GEAR-SIDE
38427 SHAFT-PINION
38425 GEAR-PINION

LSD: Limited-slip differential. Most designs use a spring-loaded clutch to prevent one wheel from spinning by itself. Instead, the LSD resists spinning but when traction is overcome, both wheels will spin.

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