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Differential: The word "diff" refers to the small gears in the rear end that control the left-to-right wheel speeds

Album 29522

38100 SET-HYPOID GEAR & PINION

open type with differential gears visible

Datsun 1200 uses H145 type differential

By popular usage "diff" is also used to refer to these parts:
Gear Carrier Assembly ("diff head" or pumpkin or "center section"), including Ring and Pinion and the carrier these bolt to
Album 25280

Or, the entire Rear Axle Assembly including the housing, gears, axles etc.
Album 21319

Axle Housing
Post 461926

Axle aka axle shaft (includes wheel bearing)
Album 3621

Gear Carrier aka "center" (not to be confused with "center section" which is the center with the gears installed)
Album 29523

Ring and Pinion (R&P) are the large final-drive gears e.g. the "ratio" gears. Known as "Crown Wheel and Pinion" (CWP) in British English.

Album 29524

38100 SET-HYPOID GEAR & PINION

Spider gears: The smaller side gears are known as the "spider gears". These are the ones that actually allow a differential speed.

Album 29525

38423 SIDE GEARS
38427 PINION SHAFT
38425 PINION GEARS

LSD: Limited-slip differential. Most designs use a spring-loaded clutch to prevent one wheel from spinning by itself. Instead, the LSD resists spinning but when traction is overcome, both wheels will spin.
Album 13712

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