Your mostly right.
To anneal a metal you need to raise its temperature..ABOVE the austenite transition temperature. As you rightly said..that is 723 degrees.
Brazing can be done at temperatures above 450 degrees and below the melting point of the parent material. So if brazing is carried out at say 600 degrees. There will be no change in the properties of the parent metal. This is why I suggested that this may the way to go.
But the metal close to the weld, the metal which does not melt, but reaches say 800 deg. this metal ends up annealed. So you end up with a hard weld and a small surrounding of hard, brittle metal. But surround that...You have soft, annealed metal.
It does not matter if u tig, mig whatever..you still end up with this soft zone..the only difference will be it's size.
As for not heat treating axles....Are these "switched on" type people?? I swear black and blue that somewhere, sometime, I read somthin on the matter and if my failing memory is correct..it said the heat treatment should be done on axles? The material they begin with, would have been heat treated (annealed) to make it soft. This would allow for better machining and reduce tool wear. After the axles are made..they should be heat treated to harden em???